Fonts viewer software

 

 

Trouble with Typefaces, The

Print Action , Aug 2004 by Bolan, Zac

The Font Wars helped define the early days of desktop publishing. Adobe enabled and dominated a new industry with the launch of PostScript in 1984. Apple provided the platform of choice with the introduction of the Macintosh while Aldus engineered the first digital layout application - Page-Maker. The combination of these technologies delivered the tools of publishing into the hands of the masses for the first time in history. From the outset there were problems with fonts.

The initial release of PostScript supported two different types of fonts - Type 1 and Type 3 - and it could be argued that Adobe`s reasoning for developing two distinct font formats was somewhat selfish in nature. Type 1 fonts produced superior output quality at a wide range of resolutions and font sizes through hinting. In 1984, Adobe was the only provider of Type 1 fonts, converting their entire foundry to this new, sophisticated format. The other players were left with the less robust - and in many cases, less stable - Type 3 font format, a point of contention for type foundries such as MonoType and Bitstream.

Early output service providers demonstrated unpredictable behaviour - text reflowing, PostScript errors and so on. These font formats are characterized by two components: the screen font and the printer font. The screen font contains the bitmap information to display the font on the computer screen, while the printer font contains the vector information allowing the font to be scaled to different sizes and then rasterized for output.

With PostScript`s rapid growth in popularity, Adobe eventually published the Type 1 specifications, somewhat leveling the playing field in a volatile market. Soon type foundries were working overtime, converting existing libraries and building new and innovative fonts for a market long starved for choices. As much as the onslaught of new fonts was welcomed by designers, it was feared by pre-press departments as they struggled with conflicting font IDs, a myriad Diversions of the same fonts and poorly written kerning tables.

As the combative nature of font marketing eased, designers were given a stable PostScript workflow in which to realize their creations. Prepress departments too were able to breathe a collective sigh of relief as Adobe released a significant upgrade to their page description language with the launch of PostScript Level 2 in 1991. Finally the service bureau had a balanced environment in which to transform the designer`s files into print.

Temporary peace

Peace ensued with PostScript workflows becoming more reliable and robust. Problems with fonts were almost non-existent. Then Apple and Microsoft conspired to join forces and push Adobe out of the picture in the late eighties. In 1991, the conspirators unleashed TrueType into the prepress world. The chief advantage of this new font format was its ability to be displayed accurately on personal computers a direct challenge to Adobe`s Display PostScript technology. TrueType became an integral part of Mac OS 7 and Windows 3.1 in 1992, making it the first truly cross-platform font technology (and still widely used in the Windows world today).

The design community`s reaction to the new font format was lukewarm at best as most already had a significant investment in Type 1 and Type 3 fonts. Adobe responded to the TrueType challenge with Adobe Type Manager (ATM), which enabled detailed display of Type 1 fonts on the user`s monitor. ATM also became essential for improving Type 1 font output on non-PostScript printers. For this reason TrueType was never really embraced by major font producers even though it had many advantages over other font formats of the day.

Apple again attempted an assault on the font market with their proprietary QuickDraw GX display technology and GX fonts, a direct descendent of TrueType. Again, the market was ambivalent to their efforts and the font wars dissipated into an extended though uneasy truce.

Not content to leave well-enough alone, Adobe created the Multiple Master font - a format which allowed designers to significantly alter or slightly tweak a font`s appearance while still maintaining the type face`s esthetic and typographic characteristics. Service bureau`s struggled with Multiple Master fonts as they were forced to work with the designer`s altered font collection, ruining many sheets of film in the process. Once again, a promising technology failed to thrive in the mainstream. Multiple Master font technology has largely moved behind the curtain in applications like ATM Deluxe and Adobe Acrobat.

In a surprise move, Adobe and Microsoft rubbed their faces together in 1997 and developed OpenType; a hybrid format largely derived from Apple`s TrueType with PostScript information thrown in for good measure. This attempt to develop "One Font To Rule Them All" proved to be a noble effort. Adobe released their entire library in OpenType format in an attempt to solidify their position in the Microsoft world.

While your own experiences may vary, a straw poll I conducted of prepress departments revealed that the large majority of designers supplying files for commercial print still use Type 1 fonts with TrueType being the second-place font format. Very few Type 3 or OpenType fonts make their way to the RIP these days.

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